Such treatments can include water softening or ion exchange. Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the pipes clean. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems. ![]() ![]() Research including Professor Linda Lawton's group at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen is working to improve detection of cyanobacteria. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids, to remove bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals including iron and manganese. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Typical drinking water treatment processes Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with paper and pulp, textiles, chemicals, and from various streams such as cooling towers, boilers, and production lines. The wastewater may have a high proportion of organic and inorganic contaminants at the initial discharge. ![]() The effluent from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. Water contamination is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. KROHNE has been established in many industries since 1921 and has a local presence in over 100 countries to provide on-going support.Main articles: Water purification, Drinking water, and water supply With instrumentation and custody transfer metering systems designed from the same source, customers can rely on seamless integration of all components. In this way, maximum performance and lowest measurement uncertainty is guaranteed. KROHNE metering systems are often designed as a master-duty or Z-configuration, where a cross-over allows periodical verification of the duty meters against the master meter. the OPTIFLUX 2300), inlet and outlet piping, isolation valves, metering control cabinets with flow computers and supervisory system for monitoring, reporting and validation. The produced water skids come completely assembled and tested with calibrated electromagnetic flowmeters (e.g. KROHNE takes full project responsibility for the metering systems. ![]() All water quantities are accurately measured, allowing the WWTP operator to precisely determine all the produced water loads received and processed. Whether it be contaminated water from oil wells or from other industrial sites: The metering skids are the key to clear and consistent billing procedures in accordance with custody transfer regulations. KROHNE metering systems for produced water are tailored to the needs of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) inlets and outlets.
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